Document of instructions written by Imam Ali for Malik al-Ashtar al-Nakh'I when he appointed him as the governor of Egypt and the surrounding areas after the position of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, had become precarious:

This is what Allah's servant, Ali, Amir al-Mu'minin, has ordered Malik ibn al-Harith al-Ashtar in his instrument (of appointments) for him when he made him Governor of Egypt for the collection of its revenues, fighting against its enemies, seeking the good of its people and making its cities prosperous.

He has ordered him to fear Allah, to prefer obedience to Him, and to follow what He has commanded in His Book (the Holy Quran) out of His obligatory and elective commands, without following which one cannot achieve virtue, nor to help Allah the Glorified, with his heart, hand and tongue, because Allah whose name is Sublime takes the responsibility of helping who helps Him, and protecting who gives Him support.

Be it known to you, O, Malik that I am sending you as governor to a country, which in the past experienced both just and unjust rule. Men will scrutinize you action with searching eye, even as you used to scrutinize the actions of those before you, and speak of you even as you did speak of them.

The fact is that the public speak well of only those who do good. It is they who furnish the proof of your actions. Hence the richest treasure that you may covet should be the treasure of good deeds.

Keep your desires under control and deny yourself that which you have been prohibited from, for, by such abstinence alone, you will be able to distinguish between what is good to them and what is not.

Develop in your heart the feeling of love for your people and let it be the source of kindness and blessing to them. Do not behave with them like a barbarian, and do not appropriate to yourself that which belongs to them.

Remember that the citizens of the state are of two categories. They are either your brethren in religion or your brethren in kind. They are subject to infirmities and liable to commit mistakes. Some indeed do commit mistakes. But forgive them even as you would like God to forgive you. Bear in mind that you are placed over them even as I am placed over you. And then there is God even above him who has given you the position of a governor in order that you may look after those under you and to be sufficient unto them. And you will be judged by what you do for them.

Do not set yourself against God, for neither do you possess the strength to shield yourself against his displeasure, nor can you place yourself outside the pale of His mercy and forgiveness. Do not feel sorry over any act of forgiveness, nor rejoice over any punishment that you may mete out to any one. Do not rouse yourself to anger, for no good will come out of it.

Do not say, I am your overlord and dictator and that you should, therefore, bow to my commands, as that will corrupt your heart, weaken your faith in religion and create disorder in the state. Should you be elated by power, ever feel in your mind the slightest symptoms of pride and arrogance, then look at the power and majesty of the Divine governance of the Universe over which you have absolutely no control. It will restore the sense of balance to your wavered intelligence and give you the sense of calmness and affability.

Beware! Never put yourself against the majesty and grandeur of God and never imitate His omnipotence; for God has brought low every rebel of God and every tyrant of man.

Let your mind respect through your actions the rights of God and the rights of man, and persuade your companions and relations to do likewise. For, otherwise, you will be doing injustice to yourself and injustice to humanity. Thus both man and God will turn unto your enemies; there is no hearing anywhere for one who makes an enemy of God himself. He will be regarded as one at war with God until he feels contrition and seeks forgiveness.

Nothing deprives man of divine blessings or excites divine wrath against him more easily than cruelty. Hence it is, that God listens to the voice of the oppressed and waylays the oppressor.

The Common Man

Maintain justice in administration and impose it on your own self, your folk and those whom you feel close to, and seek the consent of the people, for the discontent of the masses sterilizes the contentment of the privileged few and the discontent of the few looses itself in the contentment of the many. Remember, the privileged few will not rally round you in moments of difficulty: they will try to sidetrack justice, they will ask for more than what they deserve and will show no gratitude for favors done to them. They will feel restive in the face of trails and will offer no regret for their shortcomings. It is the common man who is the strength of the State and of Religion. It is he who fights the enemy. So live in close contact with the masses and be mindful of their welfare.

Keep at a distance him who peers into the weaknesses of others. After all, the masses are not free from weaknesses. It is the duty of the ruler to shield them. Do not bring to light that which is hidden, but try to remove those weaknesses, which have been brought to light. God is watchful of everything that is hidden from you, and He alone will deal with it. To the best of your ability cover the weaknesses of the public, and God will cover the weaknesses in you, which you are anxious to keep away from their eyes.

Unloose the tangle of mutual hatred between the public and the administration and remove all those causes, which may give rise to strained relations between them. Protect yourself from every such act as may not be quite correct for you. Do not make haste in seeking confirmation of tale telling, for the taleteller is a deceitful person appearing in the garb of a friend.

The counselors

Never take counsel of a miser, for he will vitiate your magnanimity and frighten you of poverty. Do not take counsel of a coward also, for, he will influence your resolve. Do not take counsel of the greedy too, for he will instill greed in you and turn you into a tyrant. Miserliness, cowardice, and greed all have in common the distrust in God.

The worst counselor is he who has served as a counselor to unjust rulers and shared their crimes. So, never let men who have been companions of tyrants or shared their crimes be your counselors. You can get better men that these, men gifted with intelligence and foresight, but unpolluted by sin, men who have never aided a tyrant in his tyranny or a criminal in his crime. Such men will never be a burden on you. On the other hand, they will be a source of help and strength to you at all times. They will be friends to you and strangers to your enemies. Choose such men alone for companionship both in privacy and in public.

Even among these, show preference to those who have a habitual regard for truth however trying to you at times their truth may prove to be, and who offer you no encouragement in the display of tendencies, which God does not like his friends to develop.

Keep close to you the upright and the God fearing, and make clear to them that they are never to flatter you and never to give you credit for any good that you may not have done, for the tolerance of flattery and unhealthy praise stimulates pride in man and makes him arrogant.

Do not treat good and the bad alike. That will deter the good from doing good, and encourage the bad in their bad pursuits. Remember that mutual trust and good will between the ruler and the ruled are bred only through benevolence, justice, and service.

So, cultivate goodwill amongst the people, for their goodwill alone will save you from troubles, your benevolence to them will be repaid by their trust in you and your ill treatment by their ill will. Do not disregard the noble traditions set by our forbearers, which have promoted harmony and progress among the people; and do not initiate anything which might minimize their usefulness. The men who had established those noble traditions have had their reward; but responsibility will be yours if they are disturbed.

Try always to learn something from the experience of the learned and the wise, and frequently consult them in state matters so that you might maintain the peace and goodwill, which your predecessors had established in the land.

The Different Classes of People

Remember that the people are composed of different classes. The progress of one is dependent on the progress of every other; and none can afford to be independent of the other. We have the Army formed of the soldiers of God; we have our civil officers and their establishments, our judiciary, our revenue collectors and our public relation officers. The general public itself consist of Muslims and Zimmis and among them of merchants and craftsmen, the unemployed and the indigent.

God has prescribed for them their several rights, duties, and obligations. They are all defined and preserved in the Book of God and in the traditions of His prophet.

The Army, by the Grace of God, is like a fortress to the people and lends dignity to the state. It upholds the prestige of the Faith and maintains the peace of the country. Without it, the state cannot stand. In its turn, it cannot stand without the support of the state. Our soldiers have proved strong before the enemy because of the privilege God has given them to fight for Him; but they have their material needs to fulfill and have therefore to depend upon the income provided for them from the state revenue.

The Military and the civil population who pay revenue, both need the cooperation of others- the judiciary, civil officers, and their establishment. The judge administers civil and criminal law; the civil officers collect revenue and attend to civil administration with the assistance of their establishment. And then, there are the tradesmen and the merchants and the merchants who add to the revenue of the state. It is they who run the market and are in a better position that others to discharge social obligations. And then, there is the class of the poor and the needy, whose maintenance is an obligation on the other classes. God has given appropriate opportunity of service to one and all; and then there are the rights of all these classes over the administration which the administrator has to meet with an eye on the good of the entire population, a duty which he cannot fulfill properly unless he takes personal interest in its execution and seeks help from God. Indeed, it is obligatory on him to impose this duty on himself; and to bear with patience the inconvenience and difficulties incidental to the task.

The Army

Be particularly mindful of the welfare of those in the army who in your opinion, are staunchly faithful to their God and prophet and loyal to their chief, and who in the hour of passion can restrain themselves and listen coolly to sensible remonstrance, and who can succor the weak and smite the strong, whom violent provocation will not throw into violent temper and who will not falter at any stage.

Keep yourself in close contact with families of established reputation and integrity with a glorious past, and draw to yourself men brave and upright in character, generous and benevolent in disposition, for such are the salt of society.

Care for them with the tendered with which you care for your children, and do not talk before them of any good that you might have done to them, nor disregard any expression of affection which they show in return, for such conduct inspires loyalty, devotion and goodwill. Attend to every little of their wants not resting content with what general help that you might have given to them, for sometimes timely attention to a little want of theirs brings them immense relief. Surely these people will not forget you in your own hour of need.

It behooves you to select for you Commander- in - chief one who imposes on himself, as a duty, the task of rendering help to his men. And who can excel in kindness to every other officer who has to attend to the needs of the men under him, and look after their families when they are away from their homes; so much so, that the entire army should feel united in their joys and in their sorrows. This unity of purpose will give them added strength against the enemy. Continue to maintain a kindly attitude towards them so that they might feel ever attached to you. The fact is that, the real happiness of the administrator and their most pleasant comfort lies in establishing justice in the state and maintaining affectionate relations with the people. Their sincerity of feeling is expressed in the love and regard they show to you, on which alone depends the safety of the administrators. Your advices to the army will be of no avail, unless and until you show affection to both men and officers, in order that they might not regard the government as an oppressive burden or contribute to its downfall.

Continue to satisfy their needs and praise them over and over again for what services they have rendered. Such an attitude, God willing, will inspire the brave to braver actions and induce the timid to deeds of bravery.

Try to enter into the feeling of others, do not foist the mistake of one over another, and do not grudge dispensing appropriate rewards. See to it you do not show favors to one who has done nothing but merely counts on his family position. And do not withhold proper rewards from one who has done great deeds simply because he holds a low position in life.

The Real Guidance

Turn to God to His prophet for guidance whenever you feel uncertain as to what you have to do. There is the commandment of God delivered to those people whom He wishes to guide aright:

"O people of the Faith! Obey God and obey His prophet and those from among you who hold authority over you. And refer to God and His prophet whenever there is difference of opinion among you".

To turn to God is in reality to consult the book of God; and to turn to the prophet is to follow his universally accepted traditions.

Chief Judge

Select for your chief Judge one from the people who is by far the best among them -One who is not obsessed with domestic worries, one who cannot be intimidated, one who does not err too often, one who does not turn back from a right path once he finds it, one who is not self-centered or veracious, on who will not decide before knowing full facts, one who will weigh with care every attendant doubt and pronounce a clear verdict after taking everything into full consideration, one who will not grow restive over the arguments of advocated and who will examine with patience every new disclosure of fact and who will be strictly impartial in his decision, one whom flattery cannot mislead or one who does not exult over his position. But it I not easy to find such men.

Once you have selected the right man for the office, pay him handsomely enough to let him live in comfort and in keeping with his position, enough to keep him above temptations. Give him a position in your court so high that none can even dream of coveting it and so high that neither backbiting nor intrigue can touch him.

Subordinate Judiciary

Beware! The utmost carefulness is to be exercised in this selection for it is this high office, which adventurous self-seekers aspire to secure and exploit in their selfish interests. After the selection of your chief judge, give careful consideration to the selection of other officers. Confirm them in their appointment after approved apprenticeship and probation. Never select men for responsible posts either out of any regard for personal connections or under any influence, for, that might lead to injustice and corruption. Of these, select for higher posts men of experience, men firm in faith and belonging to good families. Such men will not fall an easy prey to temptations and will discharge their duties with an eye on the abiding good of others.

Increase their salaries to give them a contented life. A contented living is a help to self-purification. They will not feel the urge to tax the earnings of their subordinates for their own upkeep. They will then have no excuse either to go against your instructions or misappropriate state funds.

Keep watching over them without their knowledge... Perchance they may develop true honesty and true concern for the public welfare. But whenever any of them is accused of dishonesty, and the guilt is confirmed by the report of your secret service, then regard this as sufficient to convict him. Let the punishment be corporal and let that be dealt in the public at an appointed place of degradation.

Revenue Administration

Great care is to the exercised in revenue administration, to ensure the prosperity of those who pay the revenue to the state; for it is on their prosperity that the prosperity of others depends; particularly the prosperity of the masses. Indeed, the state exists on its revenue. You should regard the proper upkeep of the land in cultivation as of greater importance than the collection of revenue for revenue cannot be derived except by making the land productive. He, who demands income without helping the cultivator to improve his land, inflicts unmerited hardship on the cultivator and ruins the State. The rule of such a person does not last long.

If the cultivators ask for reduction of their land ceases for having suffered from epidemics of drought or excess of rains or the barrenness of the soil or floods damaging to their crops, then, reduce the process accordingly, so that their condition might improve. Do not mind the loss of revenue on that account for that will return to you one-day manifold in the hour of greater prosperity of the land and enable you to improve the condition of your towns and to raise the prestige of your state. You will be the object of universal praise. The people will believe in your sense of justice. The confidence, which they will place in you, in consequence will prove your strength, as they will be found ready to share your burdens. You may settle down on the land any number of people, but discontent will overtake them if the land is not improved. The cause of the cultivator's ruin is the rulers who are bent feverishly on accumulating wealth at all costs, out of the fear that their rule might not last long. Such are the people who do not learn from examples or precedents.

Clerical Establishment

Keep an eye on your establishment and your scribes; and select the best among them for your confidential correspondence such among these as posses as high character and deserve your full confidence, men who may not exploit their privileged position to go against you and who in the drafting of treaties may not succumb to external temptation and harm your interests, or fail to render you proper assistance and to save you from trouble, and who in carrying out their duties can realize their serious responsibilities, for he who does not realize his own responsibilities can hardly appraise the responsibilities of others. Do not select men for such work merely on the strength of your first impressions of your affections or good faith; for as a matter of fact; the pretensions of a good many that are really devoid of honesty and good breeding may cheat even the intelligence of rulers.

Selection should be made after due probation which should be the test of righteousness. In making direct appointments from people, see to it that those selected possess influence with the people and who enjoy the reputation of being honest; for such selection is agreeable both to God and the Ruler.

For every department of administration, let there be a head, whom no trying task might cause worry and no pressure of work annoy. And remember that every weakness of any one among your establishment and scribe, which you may overlook, will be written down against you in your scroll of deeds.

Trade and Industry

Adopt useful schemes placed for those engaged in trade industry and help them with wise counsels. Some of them live in towns and some move from place to place with their ware and tools and earn their living by manual labor. Trade and Industry are sources of profit to the State. While the general public is not inclined to bear the strain, those engaged in these professions take the trouble to collect commodities from far and near, from land and from across the sea, and from mountains and forests and naturally derive benefits. It is this class of peace-loving people from whom no disturbance need be feared. They love peace and order; indeed they are incapable of creating disorder.

Visit every part of the country and establish personal contact with this class, and inquire into their conditions. But bear in mind that a good many of them are intensely greedy and are inured to bad dealings. They hoard grain and try to sell it at a high price; and this is most harmful to the public. It is a blot on the mane of the ruler not to fight this evil.

Prevent them from hoarding; for the prophet of God-p. had prohibited it. And see to it that trade is carried on with the utmost ease, that the scales are evenly held and that prices are so fixed that neither the seller nor the buyer is put to a loss. And if in spite of your warning, should any one go against your commands and commit the crime of hoarding, then deal him appropriately with severe punishment.

The Poor

Beware! Fear God when dealing with problem of the poor who have none to patronize, who are forlorn, indigent, and helpless and are greatly torn in mind-victims to the vicissitudes of Time. Among them, there are some who do not question their lot in life and who notwithstanding their misery, do not go about begging. For God's sake, safeguard their rights; for on you rests the responsibility of protection. Assign for their uplift a portion of the state income (Baitul-mal), wherever they may be, whether close at band or far away from you. The rights of the two should be equal in your eye.

Do not let any preoccupations slip them from your mind; for no excuse whatsoever for the disregard of their rights will be acceptable to God. Do not treat their interests as of less importance than your own, and never keep them outside the purview of your important considerations, and mark the persons who look down upon them and of whose condition they keep you in ignorance. Select from among your officers such men as are meek and God fearing who can keep you properly informed of the condition of the poor.

Make such provision for these poor people as shall not oblige you to offer an excuse before God on the day of Judgment; for, it is this section of the people more than any other which deserves benevolent treatment. Seek your reward from God by giving to each of them what is due to him. And enjoin on yourself as a sacred duty the task of meeting the needs of such aged among them as have no independent means of likelihood and are averse to seek alms. And it is the discharge of this duty that usually proves very trying to rulers, but is very welcome to societies that are gifted with foresight. It is only such societies or nations who truly carry out with equanimity their covenant with God to discharge their duty to the poor.

Open Conferences

Meet the oppressed and the lowly periodically in an open conference and conscious of the divine presence there, have a heart -to- heart talk with them, and let none from your guard or civil officers or members of the police or the Intelligence Department be by your side, so that the representative of the poor might state their grievances fearlessly and without reserve, for I have heard the prophet of God saying that "no nation or society will occupy a high position in which the strong do not discharge their duty to the weak".

Bear with composure any strong language which they may use, and do not get annoyed if they cannot state their case lucidly, even so, God will open for you His door of blessings and rewards. Whatever you cannot afford to give, make that clear to them, in utmost sincerity.

There are certain things, which call for prompt action. Accept the recommendations made by your officers for the redress of the grievances of the clerical staff. See to it that petitions or applications submitted for your consideration are brought to your notice the very day they are submitted, however notice the very day they are submitted, however much your officers might try to intercede for them. Dispose off the day's work that very day, for the coming day will bring with it its own tasks.

Communion with God

And then do not forget to set apart the best of your time for communion with God, although every moment of yours is for Him only, provided it is spent sincerely in the service of your people. The special time that you give to prayer in the strict religions sense is to be devoted to the performance of the prescribed daily prayers. Keep yourself engaged in these prayers both in the day and in the night, and to gain perfect communion, do not, as far as possible, make your prayers grow tiresome.

And when you lead in congregational prayer, do not let your prayer be so lengthy as to cause discomfort to the congregation or raise in them the feeling of dislike for it or liquidate its effect: for in the congregation there may be invalids and also those who have to attend to pressing affairs of their own.

When I had asked of the prophet of God on receiving an order to proceed to Yemen , how I should lead the people over there in prayer, he said: "Perform your prayers even as the weakest among you would do; and act an example of considerateness to the faithful."

Aloofness Not Desirable

Alongside of the observance of all that I have said above, bear one thing in mind. Never for any length of time keep yourself aloof from the people, for to do so is to keep oneself ignorant of their affairs. It develops in the ruler a wrong perspective and renders him unable to distinguish between what is important and what is not, between right and wrong, and between truth and falsehood. The ruler is after all human; and he cannot form a correct view of anything, which is out of sight.

There is no distinctive sign attached to truth, which may enable one to distinguish between the different varieties of truth and falsehood. The fact is that you must be one of two things: Either you are just or unjust. If you are just, then you will not keep yourself away from the people, but will listen to them and meet their requirements. On the other hand, if you are unjust, the people themselves will keep away from you. What virtue is there in your keeping aloof? At all events aloofness is not desirable specially when it is your duty to attend to the needs of the people. Complaints of oppression by your officers or petitions for justice should not prove irksome to you.

Make this clear to yourself that those immediately about and around you will like to exploit their position to covet what belongs to others and commit acts of injustice. Suppress such a tendency in them.

Make this clear to yourself that those immediately about and around you will like to exploit their position to covet what belongs to others and commit acts of injustice, Suppress such a tendency in them.

Make a rule of your conduct never to give even a small piece of land to any of your relations. That will prevent them from causing harm to the interests of others and save you from courting the disapprobation of both God and man. Deal justice squarely regardless of the fact whether one is a relation or not. If any of your relations or companions violates the law however painful it might be to you personally, for it will be all to the good of the State.

If at any time people suspect that you have been unjust to them in any respect disclose your mind to them and remove their suspicions. In this way, your mind will get attuned to the sense of justice and people begin to love you. It will also fulfill your wish that you should enjoy their confidence.

Peace and Treaties

Bear in mind that you do not throw away the offer of peace, which your enemy may himself make. Accept it, for, that will please God. Peace is a source of comfort to the army; it reduces your worries and promotes order in the State. But Beware! Be on your guard when the peace is signed; for certain types of enemies propose terms of peace just to lull you into a sense of security only to attack you again when you are off your guard. So you should exercise the utmost vigilance on your part, and place no undue faith in their protestations, But, if under the peace treaty you have accepts any obligations, discharge those obligations scrupulously. It is a trust and must be faithfully upheld and whenever you have promised any thing, Keep it with all the strength that you command, for whatever differences of opinion might exit on other matters, there is nothing so noble as the fulfillment of a promise. This is recognized even among the non-Muslims, for they know the dire consequences, which follow from the breaking of covenants. So never make excuses in discharging your responsibility and never break a promise is an act against God. Indeed divine promises are a blessing spread over all mankind. The promise of God is a refuge sought after even by the most powerful on earth; for there is no risk of being cheated. So, do not make any promise from which you may afterwards offer excuses to retract; nor do you go back upon what you have confirmed to abide by; nor do you break it, however, galling it may at first prove to be. For, it is far better to wait in patience for wholesome result to follow than to break it out of any apprehensions.

 Beware! Abstain from shedding blood without a valid cause. There in nothing more harmful than this which brings about one's ruin. The blood that is willfully shed shortens the life of a state. On the day of judgment, it is the crime for which one will have to answer first. So, beware! Do not wish to build the strength of your state on blood; for; it is this blood, which ultimately weakens the state and passes it on to other hands. Before me and my God, no excuse for willful killing can be entertained. Murder is a crime, which is punishable by death. If on any account the corporal punishment dealt by the state for any lesser crime results in the death of the guilty. Let not the prestige of the state stand in any way of the deceased's relations claiming blood money.

Last Instructions

Do not make haste to do a thing before its time, nor put it off when the right moment arrives. Do not insist on doing a wrong thing, nor show slackness in the rectifying a wrong thing. Perform every thing in its proper time, and let everything occupy its proper place.

When the people as a whole agree upon a thing, do not impose your own view on them and do not neglect to discharge the responsibility that rests on you in consequence; for, the eyes of the people will be on you and you are answerable for whatever you do to them. The slightest dereliction of duty will bring its own retribution. Keep your anger under control and keep your hands and tongue in check. Whenever you fall into anger, try to retrain yourself or else you will simply increase your worries.

It is imperative on you to study carefully the principles which have inspired just and good rulers who have gone before you. Give close thought to the example of your prophet (peace be on him), his traditions, and the commandments of the book of God and whatever you might have assimilated from my own way of dealing with things. Endeavor to the best of your ability to carry out the instructions which I have given you here and which you have solemnly undertaken to follow. By means of this order, I enjoin on you not to succumb to the promptings of your own hears or turn away from the discharge of the duties entrusted to you.

I seek the refuge of the might of the Almighty and of His limitless sphere of blessings, and invite you to pray with me that he may give us together the grace willingly to surrender our will to His will, and to enable us to acquit ourselves before Him and His creation; so that mankind might cherish our memory and our work survive. I seek of God the culmination of his blessings and pray that He may grant you and me His grace and the honor of martyrdom in His cause. Verily, we have to return to Him.